Recent Advancements in Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste for the Invention of Bioproducts: The Framework for Low-Income Countries

Abstract

In developing countries, the generated waste is simply disposed of in an open area, which causes a severe threat to humans, animals, and the environment. To date, organic waste and fourth-generation biomass have been investigated for multiple targeted products. Thus, the present review article highlights the emerging problems in organic waste generation, management, and converting them into various value-added bioproducts. This review also deals with the conversion of multiple biofuels such as liquid, solid, gaseous, and bioelectricity from organic waste resources. Besides, the latest approaches in organic waste are also detailly addressed for the production of value-added bioproducts such as bioplastic, bio-compost, and organic acids. Furthermore, the techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment of organic waste is also explored. The transformation of organic waste to value-added bioproducts enhances the circular bioeconomy approach by reducing waste, increasing energy production, and other healthcare products. Finally, it is concluded that the utilization of organic waste to value-added bioproducts and biofuels production will be helpful in achieving high energy security, environmental protection, as well as enhancing the bioeconomy perspective.